Dielectric bonding machine



Aug. 25, 1953 R. w. BRADLEY ETAL 2,650,238

DIELECTRIC BONDING MACHINE Filed July 8, 194a 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 Inventors \308 I Q Robert W Bradley George T Hart Aug. 25 1953 R. w. BRADLEY ETAL DIELECTRIC BONDING MACHINE 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed July 8, 1948 -35 S QQ Aug. 25, 1953 R. w. BRADLEY ETAL 2,650,288

DIELECTRIC BONDING MACHINE Filed July 8, 1948 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 Inventors Robert W Bradley George T Hart Aug. 25, 1953 R. w. BRADLEY ETAL 2,650,288

DIELECTRIC BONDING MACHINE Filed July 8, 1948 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 l I x Inventors Robert W Bradley George T Hart Aug. 25,1953 R. w. BRADLEY El'AL 2,650,283

DIELECTRIC BONDING MACHINE Filed July 8, 1948 5 SheetsSheet s O .008 .0I6 .024 .032 .040 .048 .056 .064 .072 .080 .088 .096 .l04

Work Thickness (Inches) Invenlom Robe/"t W Bradley Patented Aug. 25, 1953 UNITED STATES iATENT OFFICE DIELECTRIC BONDING MACHINE Robert W. Bradley, Marblehead, and George T. Hart, Lynn, Mass, assignors to United Shoe Machinery Corporation, Flemington, N. J., a corporation of New Jersey Application July 8, 1948, Serial N0. 37,568

2 Claims.

This invention relates to the high-frequency electric field bonding of materials and more particularly to apparatus for the progressive dielectric bonding of work parts of such a nature that they may be secured together adhesively or by fusion at their interface upon the application of heat and external pressure.

It has become common in the fabrication of articles such as raincoats from thermoplastic materials or from materials coated with thermoplastic adhesive to make a seam or bond by passing plies of the material progressively between the electrodes of a step-by-step electronic bondmachine and subjecting the material as it passes to a high-frequency electric field and to pressure. Working conditions are frequently encountered, for example, in crossing other seams, wherein the number of plies to be bonded changes abruptly along the bonding path.

During the progress of bonding along a seam, it sometimes happens that when the work thickn ss increases abruptly, the upper electrode is supported upon the relatively cool edge of the thicker portion leaving a gap beneath that portion of the electrode over the thinner portion of the work. In the presence of such an air gap, there is a tendency for the high-frequency energy to form an arc and discolor the work surface.

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an improved step-by-step electronic bonding machine in which no discoloration of the Work surface, due to such changes in work thickness, takes place. To this end, and in accordance with a feature of the invention, an improved electrode is provided having a rocking member pivoted to the work-engaging end of the electrode to form at such thickness discontinuities a bridge between the incoming edge and the lower surface of work parts, thereby to minimize the air gap under the electrode at such discontinuities.

The above and other aspects and features of the invention will best be understood from a consideration of the following specification, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a front elevation of a progressive bonding machine embodying the invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the electrical circuit of the machine including electrodes, a transmission line, an oscillator, and a pulsing circuit;

Fig. 3 is a rear elevation, partly in section, of a portion of the machine shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3a is a left side elevation of a mounting for a transmission line, as indicated in Fig. 3;

Fig. is an enlarged end elevation, partly in section, on line IVIV of Fig. 3 showing the operating head, feed wheels and electrodes of the machine of Fig. 1, a cover over the head and portions of a rotary solenoid being removed to show the details of the electrode drive mechamsm;

Fig. 5 is a front elevation, partly in section, of the parts shown in Fig. 4 on the same enlarged scale;

Fig. (3 is a greatly enlarged vertical section on line VIVI of Fig. 3 showing a step-bystep work-feed mechanism;

Fig. 7 is a greatly enlarged section on line VIE-VII of Fig. 5 with an upper feed wheel removed showing partly in section one form of an improved work-contacting electrode operating on work parts of exaggerated thickness;

Fi 8 is a side elevation, partly in section, of a modification of the electrode shown in Fig. 7

Fig. 9 is a graph of curves showing, plotted against work thickness, for various lengths of transmission line, the ratio of the electrode voltage to the high-frequency voltage at the input to a transmission line.

The present invention is illustrated as embodied in an improved bonding machine having a frame I d enclosed at the base by Walls forming a cabinet ll. The frame supports a work table l2 and a bracket arm 14 extending over the work table. At the end of the arm I4 is an operating head it normally enclosed by a cover plate It attached thereto by bolts engaging threaded holes 22 (Fig. 4) in the arm.

As seen conveniently in Fig. 3, the machine has, extending through the arm and journaled in bearings 2 2e. 28, a main drive shaft 36 having at one end a drive pulley 32 connected by a belt to a suitable electric motor 36 mounted in the cabinet it. A flexible coupling on the shaft permits adjustment of the relative positions of the upper electrode and the work feed mechanism. Control of the speed of the motor is provided by a conventional thyratron motor control (not shown) mounted within the cabinet and operated by a foot treadle 40 in a control box 42 connected to the cabinet by a conductor cable. A foot pedal ll operates to raise the feed wheels and upper electrode, will be further described.

Referring now to Figs. 4 and 5, the upper workcontacting feed members are carried by a vertically disposed rod 44 journaled in bearings 46, 48 in the head. To hold the members against the work, the rod is urged downwardly by a spring til bearing upon a collar 52 attached to the rod. Secured to the bottom end of the rod is a bracket 53 having on one side thereof cars 54. On the other side of the bracket is a projection lit to the edge of which is secured one end of a leg member 58 carrying at its lower end an inclined upper feed-wheel 55. Between the ears Ed is pivoted a hinge portion 60 to which is attached a second leg member $2 and a wheel t l. By virtue of its mounting, this second member and wheel may be swung upwardly and away from the electrode although they are normally secured in downward position by the engagement of a leaf spring 68 with a lug t8 integral with the hinge portion. Beneath the work table 52 and attached to a second shaft iii journaled near one end in a bearing l2 in the frame is a lower feed-wheel i l having two flanges it for engaging the work surface opposite the upper feedwheels.

A second rod 86 carrying an upper electrode is slidable in passages 6d, 85 and urged downwardly by a spring 86 bearing on a collar The electrode 32 is attached to the bottom of 1c rod by a slab of insulating material which is screwed to brackets 92 and respectively attached to the rod and the electrode.

The mechanism for operating the upper electrode to grip and release a work piece and for adjusting the lowermost limit of its gripping movement in accordance with the thickness of the work piece is illustrated in Fig. 4. The mechanism includes a feeler embodied in upper feet. wheels maintained in engagement with the upper work surface adjacent to the electrodes, and operating means for moving the upper electi do toward and from the lower electrode through a substantially predetermined range, said being arranged for heightwise movement responsive to changes in the heightwise on of said feeler with changes in work t'n: ness, whereby the position of the said range varied toward or away from the lower electrode to limit the gripping movement of the uppe trode to maintain a constant work surface tration.

A cam its attached to and driven by the main shaft 39 is adapted to oscillate a lever 585 about a pin H38, the lever preferably being provided. with a cam roll M2 on an arm Hi l integral the lever. A spring Mt has one of its ends anchored to the head of the machine and its other end connected to an arm l is of the lever. Thus, by its rotative urging of the lever, the spring keeps the cam roll :e-z against the cam. The oscillatory motion of the lever is transmitted by parallel links are (Fig. 5) to one arm of a bi furcated bell crank 5 i2 pivoted by a fulcrum pin it? on an ear E25} secured to the presser wheel rod l i. The other end of the bell crank is con nected to the electrode rod to by parallel links H4. When a change in the thickness of work under the presser wheel moves the fulcrum i of the bell crank heightwise toward or away i Y the work, it will be seen that the links i Mi, being disposed perpendicularly to the direction of such motion, are adapted to pivot at their connection with the lever to permit movement of the horizontal arm of the bell crank to and from the work without affecting its angular position. On the other hand, the entire motion. of the fulcrum is transmitted to the electrode rod because links l is provide no relative motion between the electrode rod and the bell crank in that direction. Since the amplitude of the oscillatory motion transmitted from the lever wt to the electrode rod is substantially unchanged as the fulcrum of the bell crank is raised or lowered, the range of the up and down motion imparted to the electrode rod is accordingly raised and lowered.

When it is desired to free work parts held in the machine, a hand lever E22 on top of the head and pivotally attached to the rod M provides a means for raising the rod and thus also the electrode rod 3%] by the cam action of the rear portion of the lever against the top of the head it. The lever is shown in its down position in Figs. f and 5 and in its raised position in Fig. 3. A spring-loaded pin H23 yieldingly secures the lever from vibrating when it is in its down posi tion, The wheels and electrode may also be raised electrically under the control of the foot pedal ll (Fig. 1) on the control box d2. Pressure on the pedal causes an electric current from a source (not shown) to flow through conductors i241 to a rotary solenoid i26. A solenoid arm i223 connected to the fulcrum of the bell crank by a wire link E36 rotates, when the solenoid is energized, to raise the electrode and presser wheel assembly. A normally closed switch I32 is mounted in the head in such a position that it is actuated by a leaf spring 535 attached to the collar 52 on the presser wheel rod when the rod is raised a predetermined distance. The switch is connected through leads to a conventional relay it'd, indicated diagrammatically in Fig. 2. Actuation of the switch operates to cut off the high-voltage direct current supplied to the oscillator, and thus prevents the high-frequency electric power from being inadvertently applied to the electrodes while the work-feed wheels and electrode are raised and the operators hands may be near the electrodes while manipulating the work to bring it into operative position, for example.

Intermittent rotation of the lower work-feed wheel is for step by-step feeding is provided by the mechanism illustrated in Fig. 6. Herein a gear H8 attached to the feed wheel shaft it is engaged by a worm ill) on a shaft H58 driven from the main drive shaft to through means in cluding a vertical shaft new, spiral gears M5, M8 (Fig. 3) at its upper end, spiral gears E56, 552 at its lower end connecting it to a jack shaft 555 in bearings its, and spur gears HM, let between that shaft and the worm shaft lit. The shaft ifit is slidably journaled in its bearings H38, H32 and means are provided for causing the shaft, and hence the worm ill to reciprocate as it revolves, thus causing the gear H8 and the feed wheel i l to be rotated intermittently. In the preferred embodiment, such means are provided by a cam M2 on the shaft 658 and cam-engaging rolls il l, Elli attached to a web H3 forming part of the frame of the machine. As shown, these rolls engage opposite surfaces of the cam. A well H5 is adapted to contain lubricating oil for the mechanism.

In order to minimize arcing from the rear of the upper electrode to a work surface when an incoming edge E38 of material holds up the front of the electrode thus tending to leave a gap between the electrode and the lower work surface, an elongated rocking member I88 forms the work-engaging portion of the electrode. The member is supported elastically from the main portion to present a work-engaging surface which will rock longitudinally to bridge such a gap.

In the form shown in Fig. 7, this member is disposed in a central groove l 8| in the main portion 82 of the electrode, being retained therein by pins #82 passing through the main portion and through slots 184 in the member iSil. Springs 585 disposed in holes it! at the front and rear of the main portion yieldingly hold the member its at the ends of the slots so that the pins provide an abutment which has a predetermined angular relation to the path of movement of the main portion. As illustrated, the assumed position is normally parallel to the work surface and in its surfaceward position. The pressure of the electrode on the work during operation is nor mally suficient to overcome the force of the springs, but if either end of the member 55353 should be unsupported, this end will be urged toward the work surface by one of the springs 12%. We have found that the yielding provided by the upward movement of the member in the groove may be advantageously in the order of of an inch and that such yielding tends to smooth the impact of the electrode at high speeds.

In a modification illustrated in Fig. 8, an L- shaped member 2% is disposed with its bottom part is! in a central groove 18] in a main portion 82 of the electrode. A leg portion 59?; of the member is yieldingly held, against an abutment provided by the rear edge of the main portion, by a coil spring lfi i held in place by a screw i961 It will be seen that when the electrode is pressed down upon an incoming edge at its front part, the member l 98 will rock about its point oi contact i593 with the top of the groove 18! against the force of the spring S96 and, when released, will return to a position parallel to the work support.

A lower electrode 2H3 is mounted between the flanges of the feed wheel i l by attachment to a conductive bridge element 212 secured to a support of insulating material 214 by a screw 2! 6 which also serves to connect a conductor 22%) leading from the high-frequency energy supply system.

High-frequency electric energy is supplied to the electrodes by the self-regulatory system illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3. The system comprises source means for generating high-frequency electric energy, control means 242 for controlling the source to generate such energy in pulses of predetermined duration and amplitude in timed relation to the movements of the upper electrode, and a transmission line 244 approximately an odd quarter wavelength long comprising two conductors preferably of copper tubing, connecting the source means to the electrodes.

The source means is illustrated, for example, as a conventional push-pull grounded-anode oscillator having triodes 25B, 252 with grounded anodes 256, 253, filaments 258, 2% which are heated from a source of current (not shown) and which are connected to a cathode tank circuit 282, and grids 284, 286 connected to a grid resistor 268. The grid to cathode circuit is cornpleted from the other end of resistor 233 by a lead 2h), a grid-control switch tube 212, and a r turn lead are connected to the mid-point of the cathode tank circuit. Condensers 2 16, 2'83 and 288 serve to by-pass to ground any stray high-frequency current in this circuit. The lead 27d also supplies negative high voltage to the filaments from a power supply (indicated as a variable battery 282) through the normally open contacts of a relay l3? when these contacts are closed by the closure of the switch I32 (shown in Fig. 4). Such closure is indicated by a reading on a voltmeter 284 (Fig. 1) which is mounted at an angle to be clearly visible through a window in the cabinet H to an operator seated at the worktable. Suitable means (not shown) are provided for manually varying the supply of voltage by turning a knob 286 on the front of the cabinet.

During the time such high voltage is sup plied to the oscillator, the latter is nevertheless prevented from oscillating when tube 272 is not conductive by a cut-01f bias applied to the grids of the oscillator by a bias supply 288 through a resistor 2%. It will be understood that when the tube 2% is made conductive, the grid-cathode circuit is effectively closed and the oscillator immediately starts to function, the voltage of the bias source appearing only across the resistor 295}.

The conductivity of the tube 252 is controlled by the bias supplied to its grid 292 by the output of a one-shot multivibrator circuit comprising an interconnected pair of tubes 29 1, 255. The tube of the pair is normally non-conducting by reason of the connection of its grid 2953 to the negative side of a common cathode resistor see through a resistor 382, the voltage drop across resistor are due to the flow of tube current being thus ap' ied as a negative bias. Tube 296 meanwhile conductive since its grid 3% is at the potential of its cathode through connection thereto by a resistor 38%. In this condition, which is stable, current nows from a voltage source 338 through the resistor 3%, tube 286, its anode resister Sit, and a lead 3E2 back to the source. The voltage drop in the resistor 3E0 is applied as a biasing voltage to the tube 272 by a lead connected to grid 292 and the lead 3 I 2 which is connected to the cathode 293.

Provision is made for applying positive pulses to the grid 2% in timed relation to the movement of the electrodes by means of a commutator 32d mounted on the main drive shaft 38. The commutator has a conductive segment 322 which intermittently connects the grid 298 to the positive side of the power supply 308 through contacts 323 and a condenser 324 which has a shunt resistor 32%. When such a pulse is applied to the gri 2538, conduction is immediately shifted from tube 295 to tube 2st in a manner well understood. The cutting-off of tube 298 causes its anode to rise to the voltage of the lead 352 and, therefore, removes the negative bias imposed on tube 2T2, allowing the oscillator to oscillate This condition is unstable and lasts only for a time depending on the time constant of a condenser 32%, which connects the anode of tube 295 to the grid of tube 2%, and the resistor 3%. After this time, the stable condition is immediately restored and the oscillator is cut oil".

Thus the oscillator is caused to deliver one pulse of energy each time the conductive segment 322 of the commutator passes under the contacts 323. The shunt resistor 326 is employed to discharge the condenser 324 sufficiently between pulses to transmit successive positive pulses to the grid 293. The value of the resistor should be sufiiciently high with respect to resistor 362 so that if the commutator should come to rest with its conductive segment S22 beneath the contacts 323 the voltage dividing network formed by the two resistors will impose a negative biasing voltage on the grid 298, thus preventing sustained operation of the oscillator.

The high-frequency energy pulses produced by the oscillator are tapped from the cathode-tank circuit 262 and fed to the input end of the transmission line 2% through blocking condensers sec and 332. Because, in its physical embodiment shown in Fig. 3, one conductor 334 of the transmission line is longer than the other conductor 33$, condensers 330 and 332 are employed to match the electrical lengths of the conductors. For this purpose condenser 330 is a variable condenser of a form (Fig. 3a) offering a minimum of inductive reactance at high frequencies, while condenser 332 is a fixed condenser of a form exhibiting considerable inductive reactance at such frequencies. When condenser 330 is properly adjusted, the lines are of substantially equal electrical length. Since the means for coupling the transmission line to the source of energy may thus affect the electrical length of the line, the effective electrical length of the transmission line is taken as including the coupling means as well as the means for connecting the line to the electrodes. The output end of the transmission line is connected to the electrodes 82 and 2H? by short leads are and 220 (Figs. 2 and '7), respectively.

Across the transmission line near its input end, another variable condenser 338 is connected. By adjusting this condenser, the electrical length of the line can be increased or decreased as is well-known to those skilled in the art.

The impedance to the flow of a high-frequency electric current presented by the bonding electrodes when they are applied to dielectric work parts changes substantially linearly with changes in the thickness of the parts since the electrodes are spaced thereby. In providing, in the illustrated machine, automatic means for changing the voltage of high-frequency energy delivered to the electrodes to compensate for work thickness changes, advantage has been taken of our discovery that a transmission line, fed at one end with high-frequency electric energy at a voltage and connected to electrodes at its other end, has the remarkable property of coacting with changes in the impedance of the electrodes as they engage different thicknesses of interposed work parts whereby the electrode voltage is made to change as a function of' work thickness, the particular function depending upon the electrical length of the transmission nine.

This advantageous property may be seen more clearly by reference to Fig. 9. Herein the voltage ratio of the output or electrode voltage EL to the input voltage Es is plotted against work thick ness for various lengths and various characteristic impedances of transmission line. In each case, the curves have been plotted from standard transmission line equations which provide the equation EB .Z

EL cos x+jZDSll1 a;

where Ex is the electric length of the line in degrees, Z the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, and Z1. the electrode impedance which is proportional, as stated above, to work thickness; In deriving this equation, hereinafter referred" to as the cited equation, use is made of- Thvenins Theorem which states that the constant volt'age source EB and the V 8 transmission line may be replaced by some constant voltage, E, feeding the load through some constant lumped impedance, Z. The voltage E is the open circuit voltage at the electrode end or the transmission line (without the electrodes) which is found to be EB cos Bar; The lumped impedance Z is the impedance at the electrodes as defined above, and is found to be +7'Zo tan Bx. Hence, when the electrodes having an impedance Z1. are connected, the equivalent circuit is a source of voltage EB cos Bx operating in series with ZL and :iZo tan Bx whence =cos Bx+j% sin Bx The constant-voltage source assumed by the cited equation is substantially provided in the illustrative machine by the connection of the transmission line 33:3 to the oscillator tank circuit at a point of low impedance as indicated in Fig. 2 wherein the connection points 330, 332, are close to the shorting bar of the oscillator tank circuit. The transmission line is thereby tightly coupled to the oscillator tank at a point of low impedance. It will be understood that the term constant-voltage as here applied to a source implies that the voltage of the source does not change with changes in loading but does not imply that the voltage of the source may not be adjusted.

To obtain an electrode voltage change substantially proportional to electrode impedance, i. e., work thickness, it will, of course, be necessary for the impedance at the electrodes (as previously defined) to be several times as great as the impedance of the electrodes at maximum work thickness.

Taking, for example, curve A of Fig. 9 which represents the operating characteristic of a transmission line having an electrical length of one-quarter Wavelength and a characteristic impedance of 330 ohms, it may be noted that this is a straight line passing through the origin. Assuming a fixed voltage input EB to the transmission line, it may be readily seen, therefore, that as the work thickness doubles, say from .016 inch to .032 inch, the electrode voltage E1. likewise doubles. Further, this relation of proportional increase of voltage with thickness is maintained throughout the entire range of thickness.

On the other hand, curves B and C which represent respectively the operating characteristics of transmission lines shorter than and longer than an exact one-quarter wavelength show that for these lengths or" transmission line the voltage ratio changes non-linearly with changes in work thickness, the shorter length line having a rising characteristic; and vice versa.

Hence, while the electrode voltage still tends to increase with thickness, it does so progressively more abruptly in the one case and progressively more slowly in the other. Where there is a relatively greater heat loss with thinner work as in bonding most plastic sheeting, a curve of type C form may be preferred. The behavior of a transmission line is also affected by its characteristic impedance in a predictable manner as may be seen by comparing, for example, curve B' with curve D. Another thing to be noted from the cited equation is that, in general, these curves are also identical to the curves of transmission lines which are longer than the specified lengths by any multiple of a half wavelength. For example, curve A is also the characteristic curve for a transmission line having a characteristic impedance of 330 ohms and a length of any odd quarter wavelength.

An inspection of the curves of Fig. 9 shows that a slight departure from an exact odd quarter Wavelength effects a considerable change from a straight line electrode voltage change with thickness.

Thus, except where a declining rate of change is desired, the advantageous electrical length of the transmission line will evidently be in the neighborhood of an odd quarter wavelength where the impedance of the transmission line at the electrodes is several times the electrode impedance at maximum work thickness. Claims to the method of and apparatus for dielectric bonding employing a transmission line for effecting variation of the electrode voltage with work thickness have been presented in a co-pending application Serial No. 330,109 filed January 7, 1953, in the names of Robert W. Bradley and George T. Hart, decreased.

In operation, after an initial warm-up, the operator raises the upper electrode and presser wheel assembly, for example, by actuatin pedal 4|, inserts the work parts to be bonded in proper position, and lowers the assembly. Having set knob 286 to the proper base voltage for the material, he is then free to control, by treadle 49, the rate of feed of the work parts through the machine to suit his requirements without regard to changes in work thickness.

Although this invention is described as embodied in a particular apparatus, it will be understood that, since many changes may be made in the arrangement, disposition and form of the parts without departing from the principles of the present invention, the apparatus shown and described is merely illustrative, and the invention is to be determined by the broadest construction of the terms of the claims which is permitted by the prior art.

Having thus described our invention, what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United states is:

1. In a step-by-step dielectric bonding machine, a work support, means for feeding work over said support, opposed electrodes one of which is mounted for movement in a fixed path to and from the surface of a piece of work on said support, said movable electrode comprising a main portion, a Work-surface-engaging portion mounted thereon for heightwise yielding and lengthwise rocking, an abutment on the main portion having a predetermined angular relation to said path, and elastic compression means for yieldingly holding said work-surfaceengaging portion against said abutment and thereby normally parallel to a work surface whereby upon engagement of the electrode with the work parts, said latter portion automatically alines itself to the work surface and bridges irregularities in such surface.

2. An improved work-surfaceengaging electrode for use in a dielectric bonding machine having opposed electrodes one of which is moved to and from the surface of the work, said electrode comprising a grooved main portion, an elongated work-surface-engaging portion in said groove having slot and pin connections with said main portion for lengthwise rocking and for movement in said groove means for yieldingly holdin said last-mentioned portion at the limit of said slots to be normally parallel to a work surface whereby the work-contacting surface of said electrode automatically alines itself upon engagement to bridge air gaps such as those caused by an incoming overlapped edge of material.

ROBERT W. BRADLEY. GEORGE T. HART.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,276,994 Milinowski Mar. 17, 1942 2,422,525 Brown et al June 17, 1947 2,432,412 Hacklander Dec. 9, 1947 2,434,330 Merz et a1. Jan. 13, 1948 2,442,451 Albin June 1, 1948 2,446,623 Welch Aug. 10, 1948 2,453,680 Sweeny Nov. 9, 1948 2,458,563 Collins Jan. 11, 1949 ,465,102 Joy Mar. 22, 1949 2,473,143 Graham et al June 14, 1949 2,477,040 Brown et al July 26, 1949 2,506,626 Zottu May 9, 1950 2,563,098 Brown Aug. 7, 1951 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 613,419 Great Britain Nov. 29, 1948 OTHER REFERENCES A New Electronic Heat-Sealer, Modern Packaging, May 1946, pages and 121. 

